And I was telling this person about someone I knew back in America. That is the direction of writing in Hebrew and Arabic, going from right to left. Freely Determined: What the New Psychology of the Self Teaches Us About How to Live, by Kennon M. Sheldon, 2022. So you can't know how the words are going to come out, but you can take good guesses. This week, in the fourth and final installment of our Happiness 2.0 series, psychologist Dacher Keltner describes . We'll be back momentarily. Follow on Apple, Google or Spotify. We're speaking today with cognitive science professor Lera Boroditsky about language. And we looked at every personification and allegory in Artstor and asked, does the language that you speak matter for how you paint death, depending on whether the word death is masculine or feminine in your language? Parents and peers influence our major life choices. JERRY SEINFELD: (As Jerry Seinfeld) The second button literally makes or breaks the shirt. You may link to our content and copy and paste episode descriptions and Additional Resources into your invitations. If a transcript is available, youll see a Transcript button which expands to reveal the full transcript. I've always found that a very grating way to ask for something at a store. We use a lot of music on the show! JENNIFER GEACONE-CRUZ: My name is Jennifer Geacone-Cruz. Psychologist Ken Sheldon studies the science of figuring out what you want. It's too high. I'm Shankar Vedantam, and you're listening to HIDDEN BRAIN. We couldnt survive without the many public radio stations that support our show and they cant survive without you. Whats going on here? Dictionaries are wonderful things, but they create an illusion that there's such thing as a language that stands still, when really it's the nature of human language to change. Imagine you meet somebody, they're 39 and you take their picture. I'm . BORODITSKY: So quite literally, to get past hello, you have to know which way you're heading. Why researchers should think real-world: A conceptual rationale, by Harry T. Reis, in Handbook of Research Methods for Studying Daily Life, 2012. Lera is a cognitive science professor at the University of California, San Diego. You would never know, for example, that - give you an example I've actually been thinking about. No matter how hard you try to feel happier, you end up back where you started. Hidden Brain Feb 23, 2023 Happiness 2.0: Surprising Sources of Joy Sometimes, life can feel like being stuck on a treadmill. The transcript below may be for an earlier version of this episode. And so for me, that question was born in that conversation of are there some languages where it's easier to imagine a person without their characteristics of gender filled in? UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #1: (As character) If you're so upset about it, maybe you can think of a way to help her. But it's so hard to feel that partly because our brains are on writing, as I say in the book. This is NPR. So you may start with moving your southwest leg in, but then you have to move your northeast leg out. VEDANTAM: It took just one week of living in Japan for Jennifer to pick up an important, VEDANTAM: There isn't a straightforward translation of this phrase in English. I think language can certainly be a contributor into the complex system of our thinking about gender. So earlier things are on the left. You're not going to do any of the things that are seen as a foundation of our technological society. But if they were sitting facing north, they would lay out the story from right to left. Perceived Partner Responsiveness Scale (PPRS), by Harry T. Reis et. And so for example, if the word chair is masculine in your language, why is that? There was no way of transcribing an approximation of what people said and nobody would have thought of doing it. Subscribe to the Hidden Brain Podcast on your favorite podcast player so you never miss an episode. All of the likes and, like, literallies (ph) might sometimes grate on your nerves, but John McWhorter says the problem might be with you, not with the way other people speak. And then question 21 was, is this person a man or a woman? Copyright 2018 NPR. And maybe the convenience store or the shop is really not that far away. They believe that their language reflects the true structure of the world. That is utterly arbitrary that those little slits in American society look elderly, but for various chance reasons, that's what those slits came to mean, so I started wearing flat-fronted pants. to describe the world. Hidden Brain explores the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior and questions that lie at the heart of our complex and changing world. VEDANTAM: One of the ultimate messages I took from your work is that, you know, we can choose to have languages that are alive or languages that are dead. Today's episode was the first in our You 2.0 series, which runs all this month. Hidden Brain: You, But Better on Apple Podcasts 50 min You, But Better Hidden Brain Social Sciences Think about the resolutions you made this year: to quit smoking, eat better, or get more exercise. Well, that's an incredibly large set of things, so that's a very broad effect of language. They know which way is which. The transcript below may be for an earlier version of this episode. Goal Striving, Need Satisfaction, and Longitudinal Well-being: The Self-Concordance Model, by Kennon M. Sheldon and Andrew J. Elliot, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999. It Takes Two: The Interpersonal Nature of Empathic Accuracy, by Jamil Zaki, Niall Bolger, Kevin Ochsner, Psychological Science, 2008. al, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004. : The Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Benefits of Sharing Positive Events, Perceived Partner Responsiveness as an Organizing Construct in the Study of Intimacy and Closeness, Read the latest from the Hidden Brain Newsletter. But I find that people now usually use the word to mean very soon, as in we're going to board the plane momentarily. Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships. Interpersonal Chemistry: What Is It, How Does It Emerge, and How Does it Operate? How else would you do it? And the way you speak right is not by speaking the way that people around you in your life speak, but by speaking the way the language is as it sits there all nice and pretty on that piece of paper where its reality exists. It is a great, free way to engage the podcast community and increase the visibility of your podcasts. And it really is an illusion that what language is, is something that sits still. Copyright 2023 Steno. But things can be important not just because they're big. al (Eds. Another possibility is that it's a fully integrated mind, and it just incorporates ideas and distinctions from both languages or from many languages if you speak more than two. So the question for us has been, how do we build these ideas? And it ended up becoming less a direct reflection of hearty laughter than an indication of the kind of almost subconscious laughter that we do in any kind of conversation that's meant as friendly. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. So that's an example of how languages and cultures construct how we use space to organize time, to organize this very abstract thing that's otherwise kind of hard to get our hands on and think about. If I give you a bunch of pictures to lay out and say this is telling you some kind of story and you - and they're disorganized, when an English speaker organizes those pictures, they'll organize them from left to right. Listen on the Reuters app. UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #11: (Speaking Russian). HIDDEN BRAIN < Lost in Translation: January 29, 20189:00 PM ET VEDANTAM: Well, that's kind of you, Lera. Go behind the scenes, see what Shankar is reading and find more useful resources and links. - you would have to say something like, my arm got broken, or it so happened to me that my arm is broken. We always knew that certain species of animals had abilities to orient that we thought were better than human, and we always had some biological excuse for why we couldn't do it. And as you point out, it's not just that people feel that a word is being misused. Please do not republish our logo, name or content digitally or distribute to more than 10 people without written permission. al (Eds. Bu And they have correlated this with gender features in the language, just like the ones you were talking about. So it's easy to think, oh, I could imagine someone without thinking explicitly about what they're wearing. Many of us rush through our lives, chasing goals and just trying to get everything done. Researcher Elizabeth Dunn helps us map out the unexpected ways we can find joy and happiness in our everyday lives. Many of us rush through our days, weeks, and lives, chasing goals, and just trying to get everything done. Many of us rush through our days, weeks, and lives, chasing goals, and just trying to get everything done. You can search for the episode or browse all episodes on our Archive Page. And I thought, wow, first of all, it would be almost impossible to have a conversation like that in English where you hadn't already revealed the gender of the person because you have to use he or she. BORODITSKY: And when they were trying to act like Wednesday, they would act like a woman BORODITSKY: Which accords with grammatical gender in Russian. Languages are not just tools to describe the world. Lera is a cognitive science professor at the University of California, San Diego. Parents and peers influence our major life choices. As you're going about your day, you likely interact with family, friends and coworkers. One study that I love is a study that asked monolingual speakers of Italian and German and also bilingual speakers of Italian and German to give reasons for why things are the grammatical genders that they are. And if you teach them that forks go with women, they start to think that forks are more feminine. You would give a different description to mark that it was not intentional. Our transcripts are provided by various partners and may contain errors or deviate slightly from the audio. VEDANTAM: Still don't have a clear picture? You're also not going to do algebra. MCWHORTER: Yes, that's exactly true. Can I get some chicken? Maybe it's, even less than 100 meters away, but you just can't bring yourself to even throw your, coat on over your pajamas, and put your boots on, and go outside and walk those, hundred meters because somehow it would break the coziness, and it's just too much of, an effort, and you can't be bothered to do it, even though it's such a small thing. Newsletter: VEDANTAM: So all this raises a really interesting question. I'm Shankar Vedantam. You know, there's no left leg or right leg. VEDANTAM: It took just one week of living in Japan for Jennifer to pick up an important new term. In this episode, we explore how long-term relationships have changed over time and whether we might be able to improve marriage by asking less of it. If you're bilingual or multilingual, you may have noticed that different languages make you stretch in different ways. Language was talk. Whereas speakers of a language like Spanish might not be quite as good at remembering who did it when it's an accident, but they're better at remembering that it was an accident. So for example, you might not imagine the color shirt that he's wearing or the kinds of shoes that he's wearing. So it's, VEDANTAM: The moment she heard it, Jennifer realized mendokusai was incredibly. And they suggest that differences across languages do, in fact, predict some of these measures of gender equality across countries. But that can blind us to a very simple source of joy thats all around us. Read the episode transcript. Today in our Happiness 2.0 series, we revisit a favorite episode from 2020. Additional Resources Book: The phrase brings an entire world with it - its context, its flavor, its culture. Whats going on here? For more of our Relationships 2.0 series, check out one of our most popular episodes ever about why marriages are so hard. Interpersonal Chemistry: What Is It, How Does It Emerge, and How Does it Operate? So they've compared gender equality, gender parity norms from the World Health Organization, which ranks countries on how equal access to education, how equal pay is, how equal representation in government is across the genders. But if you prefer life - the unpredictability of life - then living language in many ways are much more fun. VEDANTAM: So I want to talk about a debate that's raged in your field for many years. And if you can enjoy it as a parade instead of wondering why people keep walking instead of just sitting on chairs and blowing on their tubas and not moving, then you have more fun. You can support Hidden Brain indirectly by giving to your local NPR station, or you can provide direct support to Hidden Brain by making a gift on our Patreon page. UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #7: (Speaking foreign language). No matter how hard you try to feel happier, you end up back where you started. something, even though it shouldn't be so much of an effort. It goes in this pile. Happiness 2.0: The Only Way Out Is Through. Perceived Partner Responsiveness Minimizes Defensive Reactions to Failure, by Peter A. Caprariello and Harry T. Reis, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2011. BORODITSKY: Yeah. Our transcripts are provided by various partners and may contain errors or deviate slightly from the audio. BORODITSKY: Yeah. L. Gable, et. When we come back, we dig further into the way that gender works in different languages and the pervasive effects that words can play in our lives. MCWHORTER: Exactly. MCWHORTER: Yeah. Sometimes, life can feel like being stuck on a treadmill. You can't touch time. When we come back, we dig further into the way that gender works in different languages and the pervasive effects that words can play in our lives. He says there are things we can do to make sure our choices align with our deepest values. And it sounds a little bit abrupt and grabby like you're going to get something instead of being given. But what most people mean is that there'll be slang, that there'll be new words for new things and that some of those words will probably come from other languages. To request permission, please send an email to [emailprotected]. Newer episodes are unlikely to have a transcript as it takes us a few weeks to process and edit each transcript. Copyright Hidden Brain Media | Privacy Policy, Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Dont Know, Refusing to Apologize can have Psychological Benefits, The Effects of Conflict Types, Dimensions, and Emergent States on Group Outcomes, Social Functionalist Frameworks for Judgment and Choice: Intuitive Politicians, Theologians, and Prosecutors, Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams, The Effective Negotiator Part 1: The Behavior of Successful Negotiators, The Effective Negotiator Part 2: Planning for Negotiations, Read the latest from the Hidden Brain Newsletter. Evaluating Changes in Motivation, Values, and Well-being, Goal Striving, Need Satisfaction, and Longitudinal Well-being: The Self-Concordance Model, Personal Strivings: An Approach to Personality and Subjective Well-being, Read the latest from the Hidden Brain Newsletter. Because it was. Maybe they like the same kinds of food, or enjoy the same hobbies. The phrase brings an entire world with it - its context, its flavor, its culture. I'm Shankar Vedanta. VEDANTAM: As someone who spends a lot of his time listening to language evolve, John hears a lot of slang. Rightly Crossing the Rubicon: Evaluating Goal Self-Concordance Prior to Selection Helps People Choose More Intrinsic Goals, by Kennon M. Sheldon, Mike Prentice, and Evgeny Osin, Journal of Research in Personality, 2019. And so to address that question, what we do is we bring English speakers into the lab, and we teach them grammatical genders in a new language that we invent. GEACONE-CRUZ: And you're at home in your pajamas, all nice and cuddly and maybe watching Netflix or something. If you are a podcaster, the best way to manage your podcasts on Listen Notes is by claiming your Listen Notes FEB 27, 2023; Happiness 2.0: The Reset Button . I know-uh (ph) is there, or something along the lines of babe-uh (ph). VEDANTAM: So I find that I'm often directionally and navigationally challenged when I'm driving around, and I often get my east-west mixed up with my left-right for reasons I have never been able to fathom. People do need to be taught what the socially acceptable forms are. And then when I turned, this little window stayed locked on the landscape, but it turned in my mind's eye. She once visited an aboriginal community in northern Australia and found the language they spoke forced her mind to work in new ways. And as soon as I saw that happen, I thought, oh, this makes it so much easier. Many of us believe that hard work and persistence are the key to achieving our goals. Official Website Airs on: SUN 7pm-8pm 55:27 Happiness 2.0: The Reset Button Feb 27 Many of us rush through our lives, chasing goals and just trying to get everything done. Let's start with the word literally. GEACONE-CRUZ: It's this phrase that describes something between I can't be bothered or I don't want to do it or I recognize the incredible effort that goes into something, even though it shouldn't be so much of an effort. GEACONE-CRUZ: It's a Sunday afternoon, and it's raining outside. It's natural to want to run away from difficult emotions such as grief, anger and fear. And you can even teach people to have a little bit of fun with the artifice. In the final episode of our Relationships 2.0 series, psychologistHarry Reis says theres another ingredient to successful relationships thats every bit as important as love. UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #16: Not figuratively, it's literally MCWHORTER: Yeah. That's the way words are, too. And, I mean, really, it sounds exactly like that. And if you don't have a word for exactly seven, it actually becomes very, very hard to keep track of exactly seven. And you can just - it rolls off the tongue, and you can just throw it out. This is HIDDEN BRAIN. Sometimes, life can feel like being stuck on a treadmill. Researcher Elizabeth Dunn helps us map out the unexpected ways w, Having a sense of purpose can be a buffer against the challenges we all face at various stages of life. They are ways of seeing the world. And one thing that we've noticed is that around the world, people rely on space to organize time. I think it's a really fascinating question for future research. The dictionary says both uses are correct. John, you've noted that humans have been using language for a very long time, but for most of that time language has been about talking. MCWHORTER: Those are called contronyms, and literally has become a new contronym. So the way you say hi in Kuuk Thaayorre is to say, which way are you heading? Well, if you have a word like that and if it's an intensifier of that kind, you can almost guess that literally is going to come to mean something more like just really. So even if I'm speaking English, the distinctions that I've learned in speaking Russian, for example, are still active in my mind to some extent, but they're more active if I'm actually speaking Russian. You know, it's Lady Liberty and Lady Justice. I'm Shankar Vedantam. No matter how hard you try to feel happier, you end up back where. But if you seed a watermelon, nobody assumes that you're taking seeds and putting them in the watermelon, you're taking them out. Those sorts things tend to start with women. Hidden Brain Claim By Hidden Brain, Shankar Vedantam Podcasts RSS Web PODCAST SEARCH EPISODES COMMUNITY PODCASTER EDIT SHARE Listen Score LS 84 Global Rank TOP 0.01% ABOUT THIS PODCAST Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships. There are signs it's getting even harder. In this favorite episode from 2021, Cornell University psychologist Anthony Burrow explains why purpose isnt something to be found its something we can develop from within. VEDANTAM: Around the world, we often hear that many languages are dying, and there are a few megalanguages that are growing and expanding in all kinds of ways. These relationships can help you feel cared for and connected. Language as it evolved was just talking to an extent that can be very hard for we literate people to imagine. VEDANTAM: Time is another concept that is also central to the way we see and describe the world. And after listening to you, I realize I might have to finally give in. Copyright Hidden Brain Media | Privacy Policy, direct support to Hidden Brain by making a gift on our Patreon page, sponsorship opportunities on Hidden Brain. They shape our place in it. In this favorite 2021 episode, psychologist Adam Grant pushes back against the benefits of certainty, and describes the magic that unfolds when we challenge our own deeply-held beliefs. It's not something that you typically go out trying to do intentionally. Purpose can also boost our health and longevity. So LOL starts out as meaning hardy-har-har (ph), but then it becomes something more abstract. For example, when we started talking about navigation, that's an example where a 5-year-old in a culture that uses words like north, south, east and west can point southeast without hesitation. So in English, I might say that Sam (ph) broke the flute. So act like Monday. VEDANTAM: If you have teenagers or work closely with young people, chances are you'll be mystified by their conversations or even annoyed. and pick the featured episodes for your show. BORODITSKY: Well, I think it's a terrible tragedy. VEDANTAM: You make the case that concerns over the misuse of language might actually be one of the last places where people can publicly express prejudice and class differences. And if they were facing east, they would make the cards come toward them, toward the body. And so I set myself the goal that I would learn English in a year, and I wouldn't speak Russian to anyone for that whole first year. UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #8: (Speaking Italian). And if the word bridge is masculine in your language, you're more likely to say that bridges are strong and long and towering - these kind of more stereotypically masculine words. Just go to the magnifying glass in the top right corner, click on it, and use the search function at the top of the page. In English, actually, quite weirdly, we can even say things like, I broke my arm. If you're studying a new language, you might discover these phrases not in your textbooks but when you're hanging out with friends. It is the very fabric, the very core of your experience. It has to do with the word momentarily. Happiness 2.0: The Reset Button. Purpose can also boost our health and longevity. But what I am thinking is, you should realize that even if you don't like it, there's nothing wrong with it in the long run because, for example, Jonathan Swift didn't like it that people were saying kissed instead of kiss-ed (ph) and rebuked instead of rebuk-ed (ph). VEDANTAM: Jennifer moved to Japan for graduate school. What Makes Lawyers Happy? I think that the tone that many people use when they're complaining that somebody says Billy and me went to the store is a little bit incommensurate with the significance of the issue. Copyright Hidden Brain Media | Privacy Policy, Read the latest from the Hidden Brain Newsletter. Updated privacy policy: We have made some changes to our Privacy Policy. How do you balance the imperative of teaching correct usage? He. But I understand that in Spanish, this would come out quite differently. It's exactly how old English turned into modern English. How to Foster Perceived Partner Responsiveness: High-Quality LIstening is Key, by Guy Itzchakov, Harry Reis, and Netta Weinstein, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2021. You can search for the episode or browse all episodes on our Archive Page. Languages are not just tools. MCWHORTER: Oh, yeah, I'm a human being. Many of us believe that hard work and persistence are the key to achieving our goals. al, Group Decision and Negotiation, 2008. VEDANTAM: The word chair is feminine in Italian. So I think that nobody would say that they don't think language should change. Transcript Speaker 1 00:00:00 this is hidden brain. This week, we revisit a favorite episode from 2021, bringing you two stories about how easy it can be to believe in a false reality even when the facts dont back us up. VEDANTAM: This episode of HIDDEN BRAIN was produced by Rhaina Cohen, Maggie Penman and Thomas Lu with help from Renee Klahr, Jenny Schmidt, Parth Shah and Chloe Connelly. Of course, if you can't keep track of exactly seven, you can't count. As soon as you move the leg, it becomes a different leg. Hidden Brain - Transcripts Hidden Brain - Transcripts Subscribe 435 episodes Share Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.
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