Pope Leo I (440-461) mentions them: "Fasts are distributed throughout the year, so that the law of abstinence is prescribed for all seasons: it is the spring fast that is performed on Lent, summer on Pentecost, autumn in the 7th month, winter in the 10th." The Readings and Saints appointed for each day on the Orthodox (New) Calendar. 2 STRICT FAST. Orthodox calendar 2023 Pascha, 01.05.2022 - Sunday of St. Thomas. The Lenten liturgical program was synthesized throughout time. YouTube | Nativity Fast 2022-2023 in the Orthodox Church On Monday, Wednesday and Friday, we eat neither oil nor wine. Available also in downloadable PDF format. Many countries around the world celebrate Orthodox Easter like Romania, Republic of Macedonia, Lebanon, Cyprus, Greece, Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Russia. Facebook; Instagram; Soundcloud; Twitter; These are the fixed dates; the particular day on which that date is observed differs depending upon whether one follows the Julian Calendar (sometimes referred to as the "Old Calendar") or the Revised Julian Calendar ("New Calendar"). January 2022 Cal. 2 0 obj
Instagram | 2022 Traditional Catholic Fasting and Abstinence Calendar The rules for fasting prescribed by the holy canons are quite rigid; and, although they are still observed in the monasteries and by the very devout, most Orthodox Christians today find it difficult to uphold the traditional practice for the length of time prescribed. 31 Days. Coptic Holidays for 2022 - CopticChurch.net Beginning of Great Lent - 07.03.2022, Pascha - 24.04.2022, Pentecost - 12.06.2022. Dates for Orthodox Easter Eggs and dairy products (milk, butter, cheese, etc.) Athos, all continue to adhere to the Old Calendar. 2022 Fasting Calendar LEGEND: Abstain from meat, fish, dairy, eggs, wine, olive oil Abstain from meat, fish, dairy, eggs, olive oil Abstain from meat, fish, dairy, eggs Fr. Fixed feasts occur on the same calendar day every year, whereas movable feasts change each year. Although the term denotes total abstinence from food or drink, fasting as practiced in the Orthodox Church means abstinence from meat, fish, dairy products, olive oil, and wine. Fasting Calendar | The Good Shepherd Orthodox Church Owing to the fact that it makes up less than 2 per cent of the population of a predominantly Lutheran country, it observes Easter according to the New Calendar for practical reasons. Select the year: 2021 2023 Download Month in a new tab Year in a new tab << 2022 >> Settings << August 2022 >> Home / God, who gives the sinners and the righteous their dues, is not someone who lies in waiting to punish a wrongdoer after the fact. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Fasting Days. Traditionally, the Orthodox Church fasts on Wednesdays and Fridays throughout the year, daily during the four Lenten seasons, and from midnight on whenever planning to receive Holy Communion. Do not forget to drink at least 1.5-2 liters of liquid a day. During the Holy Nativity Fast, church guidelines are excluding meat, dairy products and eggs on all days, and on Wednesdays and Fridays, if it is not a Great or Patronal holiday, fish is excluded. According to strict observance, in the course of the five initial days of Lent, only two meals are eaten, one on Wednesday and the other on Friday, in both cases after the Liturgy of the Presanctified. Certain individuals and institutions are presented for reference purposes only and may not be under the supervision or jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese. Orthodox Easter falls on Sunday, May 2, 2021. The Eastern Orthodox liturgical year begins on September 1. From the second until the sixth week, many Orthodox use wine, and perhaps oil also, on Tuesdays and Thursdays, and less commonly on Mondays as well. Fasting refers to restrictions on the quantity of food eaten and when it is consumed, while abstinence refers to the complete avoidance of particular foods. For saints, feasts, and other commemorations: This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 08:12. Work of the Church / 10 Feb 2023 February 2023 The Hieromartyr Charalampus This great saint was bishop in Magnesia, and suffered for Christ at the age of 11When a violent persecution broke out under the Emperor Septimus Severus, the aged Charalampus did not hide from his persecutors, but freely and openly preached the Christian faith. Hot and cold cereals like corn flakes, puffed wheat, and rice, shredded wheat, oatmeal, farina, etc. All should fast, at least minimally. Our Lord Jesus Christ and many of His Saints have talked about the importance of giving alms. Fasting in the Orthodox Church - Saint John the Evangelist Orthodox Church While fasting He endured temptation as we all do, and set the ultimate example for us. Fresh juices, non-carbonated mineral water and green tea are useful. 3 0 obj
Fixed feasts [ edit The exception is the Armenian Church, where Nativity is celebrated in accordance with the ancient Eastern tradition on January 6/19. Seraphim of Sarovski 15 3 Sun BEFORE EPIPHANY Prophet Malachi, Gordius Martyr 16 4 Mon Synaxis of the Holy 70 Apostles, Righteous Theoctistos 17 According to the rules of abstinence, the Nativity Fast is close to the Peter (Apostolic) fast. Ethiopia's calendar differs from both the Coptic and Julian calendars; the difference between the Coptic and the Ethiopian calendar is 276 years. ORTHODOX GOOD FRIDAY - April 14, 2023 - National Today Easter Sunday: May 2nd: Celebrates the resurrection of Jesus from the dead after his death by crucifixion: Pentecost Monday: June 21st It is the most joyous celebration of the entire year, as the community gathers together to celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. St Mary's Fast. The Orthodox Church continues to base its calculations for the date of Easter on the Julian Calendar, which was in use at the time of the First Ecumenical Synod. The majority of Orthodox churches use the Julian calendar or the Revised Julian calendar for calculating movable feasts. Sdn Tim Grace unveils the surprising message of Christmas. This is because the Orthodox Church follows the Julian calendar, as opposed to the Gregorian calendar. Unless a fast-free period has been declared, Orthodox Christians are to keep a strict fast every Wednesday and Friday. According to the ruling of the First Ecumenical Synod in 325, Easter Sunday should fall on the Sunday which follows the first full moon after the vernal equinox. Mushroom soup. Search, Learn more about the Orthodox Church in America, Rubrics and Horologion for Liturgical Services, Webinars for Church Musicians: Lent and Pascha. All should fast, at least minimally. Orthodox Easter 2022 - Calendar Date Passages of Holy Scripture, saints and events for commemoration are associated with each date, as are many times special rules for fasting or feasting that correspond to the day of the week or time of year in relationship to the major feast days. The Churches of Serbia, Romania, Greece, and Cyprus were; the Churches of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, although invited, were not; the Church of Bulgaria was not invited. endobj
PATRIARCHATE OF ANTIOCH AND ALL THE EAST. The Orthodox Nativity Fast 2022 begins by our calendar on November 28 and lasts for forty days, until January 7 (December 25), The beginning of fasting takes place on the feast day of the Apostle Philip on November 14/27, therefore it is sometimes called Phillips Fast. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Rejoicing in the opportunity to change our words, our thoughts, our actions, and our lives through conquering those things which all too often conquer and control us. "Orthodox year" redirects here. Clean Monday is celebrated with Greeks eating seafood, octopus, and dishes containing fish roe. - The Holy, Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles: Peter and Paul. Once again, the Fellowship of Orthodox Christians in America (FOCA) will hold their 95th National Convention immediately preceding the AAC. The Date of Orthodox Easter in 2023 - The Good Shepherd Observe the balance: during fasting, the consumption of carbohydrates increases, the excess of which increases the body's sensitivity to allergens and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Get our cookbook, free, when you sign up for our newsletter. Helpfull information how to fast . Phone: (212) 570-3500Contact, Download VCFJoin our Mailing ListsDonate. Greek Easter 2022 - Key dates of Orthodox Easter - BirminghamLive The use of two different "paschal cycles" inevitably gave way to differences between the Eastern and Western Churches regarding the observance of Easter. To the East it penetrates slowly and probably not without a struggle. On the Calendar will be found notations concerning Fasting days and seasons. PDF 2021 Fasting Calendar - Microsoft . Basil the Great Greek Orthodox Church. Nevertheless, the Julian Calendar remained in use throughout the Byzantine period and beyond. As in Western Christian Lent, Great Lent lasts 40 days (but includes Sundays) and moves from year to year. Inasmuch as the Julian Calendar had been in continuous use in the Christian East and West throughout the centuries, the subsequent introduction of the Gregorian Calendar in the West created yet another anomaly in the deteriorating relations between the two Churches. It should be added at once that in practice today these rules are commonly relaxed. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Orthodox Christmas: Why do some people celebrate Christmas today? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Trinity Week - The week after Pentecost until the Saturday before All Saints Sunday, The Wednesdays and Fridays of the Year, except for Fast-Free Weeks 4 WINE/OIL. It is common to crack or smash painted eggs on Orthodox Easter Day. 23), Holy Apostle and Evangelist Mark (Apr. Fast of the Repose of the Virgin Mary-August 1 to 14. Good Friday: April 30th: Good Friday occurs on the Friday before Easter. We invite you to prayerfully consider sharing the resources given to you by God with a donation to the Archdiocese. Fasting is one way. The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar describes and dictates the rhythm of the life of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Calendars of the Syriac Orthodox Church It may be easier to say what fasting in the Orthodox Church is not, rather than what it is. Great and Holy . Bright Week - The week after Pascha until St Thomas Sunday Ukrainian Orthodox Church Fasting Calendar: Great Lent, Apostolic Lent, Dormition Fast, Spasivka, Advent. July 12th. Great Lent. Easter 2022 - Calendar-12.com August 7th. They include Oriental Orthodox churches such as the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, and the Eritrean . Initially, in the II-III centuries, there was one syncretic holiday - Epiphany, which at that time was understood as "a whole series of events related to the Incarnation of God, including the birth of Jesus from a Virgin and His Baptism in the waters of the Jordan." Orthodox Easter Day 2023, 2024, 2025 Ethiopia - holidays-info.com But the following categories of food are definitely excluded: animal products (cheese, milk, butter, eggs, lard, drippings); oil (i.e., olive oil) and wine (i.e., all alcoholic drinks). Two of the three Hesychast saints commemorated by the Romanian Patriarchate in 2022 will be honored during Great Lent: St Symeon the New Theologian on March 12 and St Gregory Palamas on March 20 (2nd Sunday of Lent). The Emperor complained, "that the dates of the holidays of the Annunciation (March 25) and Candlemas (February 2) are violated there. Easter time, from the carnivals that come before the Lenten fast through Holy Week. The other difference in the determination of Easter between the Orthodox and other Christian Churches concerns the date of Passover. These cookies do not store any personal information. <>/Metadata 951 0 R/ViewerPreferences 952 0 R>>
Peter and Paul (formerly, this was . So what is this virtue all about? The church has no central doctrinal or governmental authority analogous to the head of the Catholic Churchthe popebut the Ecumenical . Learn about the work and efforts of the Department of Music and Translations and offer your support! The cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognize unique visitors. Telegram | 140 Fri Apr 14 Christian Fashion International Orthodox Good Friday - April 14, 2023 International History Timeline FAQs Importance Observe Related Orthodox Good Friday is celebrated Friday before Easter according to the Julian calendar and falls on April 14 this year. There are two types of feasts in the Orthodox Church calendar: fixed and movable. Apostles (Peter & Paul) Fast - June 11 through June 28 Not only that, but fasting redirects our lives toward God and reminds us of our dependence on Him. Coptic Calendar Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Midlands, U.K. Calendars | U-M Office of the Provost Vegetables and herbs such as potatoes, peas, and garlic. Those unable to do this may eat bread, with a little water, tea or fruit-juice, but not until sunset, or at any rate not until after the veneration of the [Plashchanitsa] at Vespers. Works offline. Christ's descent into Hades, 24.04.2022 - Resurrection of the Lord. - The Beheading of the Prophet, Forerunner of the Lord, John the Baptist. Receive updates and latest service times from our parish. Crucifixion of Christ, 15.04.2023 - Holy Saturday. Orthodox calendar 2022 Orthodox calendar (Russian Orthodox Church) with feasts and fasts for years from 1900 to 2099 (perpetual calendar). On weekdays (Monday to Friday inclusive) in the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth weeks, one meal a day is permitted, to be taken in the afternoon following Vespers, and at this one meal xerophagy is to be observed. Box 495 South Bound Brook, NJ 08880 Offices: Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA Metropolia Center Adwa Victory Day. Though food is one of the key things people think of when they think of fasting, one does not always fast from food alone. For Lent only abstinence refers to all animal products (e.g. Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise, 12.03.2023 - Sunday of St. Gregory Palamas, 09.04.2023 - Palm Sunday (12 great feasts), 14.04.2023 - Holy Friday. Orthodox Easter in 2022 is on Sunday, April 24. 1 0 obj
It was later corrected in the sixteenth century by Pope Gregory XIII due to the ever-increasing discrepancy between calendar time and calculated astronomical time. Fast of Ninevah. Contact | ), it is very important to consult with a confessor, the priest will surely give you relief so as not to harm your health. Concerning the rules of fasting during the Great Lent, we quote the article, The Rules of Fasting, contained in The Lenten Triodion, translated by Mother Mary and Archimandrite Kallistos (Ware), Faber & Faber, London, 1978, pp. It was also the official calendar of the Byzantine Empire from 988 to 1453, and of Kievan Rus' and Russia from c. 988 to 1700. In fact, he told us more than the other three about our Lords childhood, as well as about His mother Mary. It marks the end of the 40 days of Lent (40 days of self-reflection and fasting). Saint Simeon of Thessalonica described this autumn fast this way, "The fast of the Nativity depicts the fast of Moses, who, after fasting for forty days and nights, received the inscription of the words of God on stone tablets. These recommendations were implemented, but after the death of Justinian (565). The Lenten fast is likened to a spiritual journey of the soul through the wilderness of the world. This includes Sundays. [Q+y 6eD]Yh\Cn:7|#8e?;iuv&LqLpd^AQwRa9"xLKNNE#&?n,RInnk0p\g(GWH_:wa;lyq_j;v?HJp6r;5s'r"IC[IlG:bEbO,PHx"$(uq}YWh}ppdeNq%)SRws*mr#+nQ Festive syncretism persisted until Emperor Justinian wrote around 560/561 a message "On holidays: Annunciation and Nativity, Candlemas and Baptism" addressed to the Church of Jerusalem under Patriarch Eustochius (552-563/564). 14:17).. love of food or money, inclinations toward anger or pride). Orthodox Good Friday - also known as Great Friday and in Greek as Megli Paraskev - is not a bank holiday in the UK. Coptic and Ethiopian Easter. Crucifixion of Christ, 23.04.2022 - Holy Saturday. The Nativity of the Virgin Mary (September 8), The Elevation of the Life-giving Cross (September 14), The Presentation of the Virgin Mary in the Temple (November 21), The Presentation of Christ in the Temple (February 2), The Repose of the Virgin Mary (August 15). ***If you would like to offer prayers for living and departed, please submit two separate requests: one for the living and one for the departed. Orthodox Saints Calendar = March 2023 => 1 STRICT FAST. Otherwise there is no special fasting. Pascha, 23.04.2023 - Sunday of St. Thomas. There are so many ways you can grow spiritually through this practice. On the other three days, those who have the strength are encouraged to keep an absolute fast; those for whom this proves impracticable may eat on Tuesday and Thursday (but not, if possible, on Monday), in the evening after Vespers, when they may take bread and water, or perhaps tea or fruit-juice, but not a cooked meal. When does Great Lent 2022 start? | Orthodox Times (en) Lent is 40 days (46 days for Orthodox Christians) of prayer, fasting, and abstinence in preparation for the resurrection of Christ on Easter Sunday. This calendar is primarily used by authors of ordines and other liturgical aids published to foster the celebration of the liturgy in our country, but may . (Julian) calendar. About Greek Orthodox Easter: Everything You Need to - GreekReporter.com Official Documents | Terms of Use | Copyright Sources. FYI: Lent Starts on February 22 This Year - Good Housekeeping There are also a number of feast days of varying importance, most of which commemorate the more popular saints. Orthodox Easter in 2022 is on Sunday, April 16. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Nevertheless, this compromise was to prove incapable of preventing the schism of "Old Calendarists" which ensued. Works offline. Strictly interpreted, it signifies that we may eat only vegetables cooked with water and salt, and also such things as fruit, nuts, bread and honey. Orthodox calendar January February March April May June July August September October November December Orthodox calendar Catholic calendar Muslim calendar Jewish calendar Hindu calendar Fasting is not the act of self-denial so many seem to think it is. The Archdiocese responds to the spiritual needs of the Greek Orthodox Christian Faithful through National Ministries, providing programs and services to your local parishes, Metropolises, and you. Christmas Fast--lasting 40 days, from November 15 to December 24. 19.01.2023. The Great Fast (Lent)-beginning on a Monday 7 weeks before Easter. Fixed feasts occur on the same calendar day every year, whereas movable feasts change each year. 07.01 - Nativity of Christ (12 great feasts), 14.01 - Circumcision of Christ (great feast), 19.01 - Theophany. Jesus Himself did. But from the 20th of December until the 25th, even if it be Saturday or Sunday, we do not allow fish.. New Cal. In the bible, it is the day when Mary Magdalene found that an empty tomb in the cave in which Jesus had been placed following his death by crucifixion on the Friday before. St. Theophan The Recluse On Spiritual Practice. The Eve of Theophany - January 5 25 St. Mark, Apostle and Evangelist . And nor is Orthodox Easter Monday, also known as . Barbara Rolek is a former chef who became a cooking school instructor and award-winning food writer. This perfume could have been sold at a high price and the money given to the poor. (Matthew 26: 89). Fasting, then, is not an exercise in dark, gloomy remorse in the Orthodox Church. 4PS^qz}V3S3S5u-{MV8ERLbG#$}l'>U}o@T{ Seven fasting periods During the Lent lead-up to Easter, Ethiopian Orthodox Christians fast for 55 consecutive days (Catholics fast for 40 days). . 6/4 to 6/6 - Shavuot: A Jewish holiday that combines a grain harvest and the giving of the Torah on Mount Sinai. When Is Orthodox Easter? Dates for 2009-2029 - Learn Religions Fasting is a means, not an end. Fasika Observances Showing: February 27 - April 15. Much of the world came to officially recognize the Gregorian calendar, but Orthodox churches, primarily in Greece, Cyprus, Russia, Romania,. ORTHODOX EASTER DAY - April 16, 2023 - National Today His Eminence Metropolitan Tarasios: | Phone: (210) 929-9933 | Email: st . Orthodox Church in America's 2022 Desk Calendar now available stream
They are: Individual fast days include the feast of the Elevation of the Holy Cross (September 14), the Beheading of St. John the Baptist (August 29), and the eve of Epiphany (January 5), as well as all Wednesdays and Fridays. The Orthodox Russian Church observes the Nativity Fast in 2022 from 28 November 2022 to 6 January 2023. Until then, all Orthodox Churches had strictly abided by the Old (Julian) Calendar, which at present is 13 days behind the New Calendar long since adopted by the rest of Christendom. The Jerusalem Church has long resisted the separation of Nativity and Epiphany. As an alternative to calculating Easter by the Passover, "paschal (Easter) cycles" were devised. Ethiopia: fasting for 55 days - DW - 03/22/2017 - DW.COM - Great Lent. But for millions of people around the world, 7 January is Christmas Day. 2022 Fasting Calendar 2021-12-27 / in News / by Fr. %PDF-1.7
Penguin Books, 1982, pp. He surrendered His soul to the Lord with the words, "It is finished". Over the course of future centuries, the difference will continue to increase, limitlessly. Sts. - Protection of Our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary. Scedule of Fasting in Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Los Angeles, 26), Repose of St. Innocent (Mar. Orthodox Easter Calendar 2021 - Sunday, May 2 2022 - Sunday, April 24 2023 - Sunday, April 16 2024 - Sunday, May 5 2025 - Sunday, April 20 2026 - Sunday, April 12 2027 - Sunday, May 2 2028 - Sunday, April 16 2029 - Sunday, April 6 He prepared Himself for doing His Fathers work by fasting forty days and forty nights. All fresh and canned fruits and vegetables, Corn chips, potato chips, and popcorn fried in vegetable oil or shortening only, Nonalcoholic wine and sparkling beverages, Lenten crepeswith dairy-free chocolate sauce, Applesauce works great as a milk substitute on cereals and, equally hard to believe, orange juice sometimes works just fine. Dormition (Theotokos) Fast - Aug. 1 through Aug. 14, Afterfeast of the Nativity of Christ to Theophany Eve - Dec. 25 through Jan. 4 Consequently, it is the combination of these variables, which accounts for the different date of Orthodox Easter, whenever it varies from the rest of Christendom. In the Orthodox tradition, almsgiving is the third main virtue after prayer and fasting. What is Orthodox Christianity? According to pious tradition for Nativity Fast in Russian Orthodox Church on this day they do not eat until the first star, which marks the star of Bethlehem, which led the tree Wise Men to the Infant Christ. Several issues were under discussion at the congress, one of which was the adoption of the New Calendar. The Orthodox call this day Pascha. Prayer and almsgiving are the other two. All rights reserved. tP&_/!6 F2k6OKQ\7FT-4aA(+ Wx>43]yI=udm=L The following foods are avoided: Meat, including poultry, and any meat products such as lard and meat broth. When a person fasting finds himself not in a temple, but in a hospital with an exacerbation of an ulcer this is an incorrect observance of fasting. Perhaps the best reason for Orthodox Christians to fast? We note here that there are many local variations in the allowances of wine and oil (and sometimes fish), such as on patronal feast days of a parish or monastery, or when the feast of a great Saint (or Saints) is celebrated which has particular local or national significance. In 2022, Na April 17 be Easter. 4. Measure the result that you undertake with your own strength. As a result, we could piously meet the Son of God who came to this world and, in addition to the usual gifts and sacrifices, bring Him a pure soul and a passionate intention to follow His commandments and teachings. The Orthodox Christian Faith proclaims the Gospel of Jesus Christ, the teachings of the Apostles, and the tradition and life of the living Church worldwide through worship, communion, witness, and service. Eight of these feasts are devoted to Christ and four to the Virgin Mary. In Christianity, the Nativity Fast or Fast of the Prophets in Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church is a period of abstinence and penance practiced by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church and Catholic Church in preparation for the Nativity of Jesus on December 25. Eastern Orthodox Fasting Calendar - St. Basil the Great Greek Orthodox 15 Nativity Fast begins - ends Dec. 24 - Orthodox Christian. Plans continue for the 20th All-American Council which will be held in Baltimore, MD on July 18-22, 2022. For Orthodox Christians, who follow the Julian calendar, the Great Lent is more strict, as the faithful are expected to abstain from meat, meat by-products, poultry, eggs, and dairy products for the entire Lenten period. What Is the Thali Way of Eating Indian Food? and the celebrations of Easter, is a special season in Greece.. Greek Orthodox Easter 2023. In the dystopian film,Children of Mendirected by Alfonso Cuarn, a world is imagined in the future where no more children are born, and, as the decades pass, humanity is plunged into despair. . 18 March, 2023 - Annual Western PA/OH Pan-Orthodox Lenten Retreat April 1, 2023 - Lenten Retreat Praying our way together during Great Lent Recent Galleries 02/25/2023 02/20/2023 Mailing Address Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA P.O. In the following weekthe usual fast is kept on Wednesday and Friday. Martyrius Zelenetsk Martyrs Nestor & Tribimius. 3:6). Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America, Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America, Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East. The former celebrates Epiphany on January 6 and by the latter on January 19. Calendar | Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA Thus, those of the Orthodox faith will celebrate the resurrection of Jesus Christ on April 16th, in 2023 .
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