I have now lost 18 pounds since January. POTS, a debilitating heart condition, is linked to Covid and, to a COVID-19 infection, vaccine linked to POTS heart disorder, study suggests Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Internet Explorer). Therefore, deriving precise estimates of risk per exposure is difficult, and follow-up studies are needed to determine the absolute risk of POTS after vaccination. b, Post-infection odds by diagnosis in all patients. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44161-022-00194-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44161-022-00194-7. He put me on 50 mg 2 times per day of Metoprolol and .1mg of fludrocortisone. But the condition isn't well understood, and many patients are dismissed as having anxiety, delaying diagnosis. Because POTS can be disabling for patients, increased awareness of the existence and increased risks of this complication can help physicians and patients in recognizing this syndrome early, allowing appropriate natural history studies, developing risk prediction tools and potentially evaluating different interventions for future mitigation. Peter Liu, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada. "There does appear to be a small signal associating COVID-19 vaccines with POTS occurring after the vaccine . Even Less-Severe COVID-19 Can Have Long-term CV Effects, Apparent risks of postural orthostatic tachycardiac syndrome diagnoses after COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Experts speculate that COVID-19 antibodies may be targeting the autonomic nervous system, which can cause POTS after an infection. A 2022 review notes that an estimated 2% to 14% of people who've had COVID-19 may experience POTS in the months after their illness. Chanlder, R. E. et al. Moderna announced a free COVID vaccine program. But will that be 17, e52 (2010). Large Cohort Study Finds Possible Association Between Postural It hurts too bad to eat/drink. I tell you this not to deter you from getting the vaccine, but to advise you to work closely with your doctors before deciding. Res. Probably had it for years but no dx. As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues, you might have questions about COVID-19 vaccines. I had Covid 19 in January 2022. There does appear to be a small signal associating COVID-19 vaccines with POTS occurring after vaccine exposure within 90 days, Kwan told Dador. POTS has been around forever and gets exacerbated by viral illness or in . POTS was more likely to be diagnosed than a collection of common primary care diagnoses (OR 1.10; 95% CI 1.03-1.17), although there was a stronger association between vaccination and myocarditis (OR 2.57; 95% CI 1.02-6.77). Bookshelf POTS and COVID-19 Heart damage, myocarditis, and heart failure have been some of the most crippling outcomes of severe COVID-19 infections. Johns Hopkins Post-Acute COVID-19 Team (PACT) service, Johns Hopkins Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) program, A Johns Hopkins Multispecialty Clinic Treats the Gamut of Post-COVID-19 Symptoms, Digging Deeper to Understand How Humans Learn Motor Skills After Brain Injury, The Origins of Occupational Therapy at Johns Hopkins. Slider with three articles shown per slide. There is no way to tease that information out of the VAERS data. The current proposed pathology for POTS is an inability to regulate blood volume. Tran, V-T., et al. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Moreover, the traditional POTS diagnostic criteria require symptoms to occur over a duration of at least 3 months that is, at least 90 days which is the assessed period. Some COVID Long Haulers Are Being Diagnosed With POTS - Verywell Health Findings could enable clinicians to develop approaches to reinforce learning, in hopes of hastening further injury. We are able to more definitively say that we think that this is a real observation, he said. In the SARS-CoV-2 population, for most conditions studied, post-infection rates were higher than post-vaccination rates (Fig. -, Low PA, Denq JC, Opfer-Gehrking TL, Dyck PJ, O'Brien PC, Slezak JM. Nat Cardiovasc Res 1, 11191120 (2022). COVID-19 was associated with greater odds of both POTS-associated diagnoses (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.33-1.72) and common primary care diagnoses (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.31-1.50). Who can help?? Similarly, mechanistic studies investigating POTS following SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination are needed to determine causation and delineate the underlying immune-mediated mechanism, possibly involving the spike protein and/or formation of autoantibodies to G-protein-coupled receptors and other targets in the cardiovascular system and beyond13. The lack of verifiable data is frustrating. 1 cause of, CBS 2 recently interviewed cardiovascular specialist Alan Kwan, MD, an investigator with the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai, about a recent study suggesting that a COVID-19 infection can increase the risk of developing new-onset diabetes by, ABC 7: Syndrome POTS in Rare Cases Can Be Associated With COVID Vaccine, As Well As Virus Itself, ABC 7 recently interviewed Cedars-Sinai cardiovascular specialist. and JavaScript. I had virtually no reaction to the first shot, and had fever and aches with the third, but no secondary autoimmune flare. Google Scholar. Sue. SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations elicit immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 S (spike) glycoprotein. Ive had POTS for years. POTS-associated diagnoses included POTS along with dysautonomia, mast cell disorders, fatigue, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Retrieved on March 04, 2023 from https://www.news-medical.net/news/20221214/What-is-the-relation-between-COVID-19-vaccination-and-new-POTS-related-diagnoses.aspx. have been reported following widespread rollout of the shots. Dev. Internet Explorer). Google Scholar. Bisaccia, G. et al. COVID-19 and POTS: Is There a Link? | Johns Hopkins Medicine The primary and secondary cohorts comprised COVID-19 vaccinees and SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, respectively. In general, the vaccines developed to combat COVID-19 safely and effectively reduce the risk of severe outcomes, although some rare side effectsmost notably, myocarditishave been reported following widespread rollout of the shots. Jorgensen, L. et al. As such, some of the affected individuals may have recovered later. 2022 Aug;122(4):1081-1083. doi: 10.1007/s13760-022-02002-2. Appropriate diagnostic investigations and therapies are necessary to identify and treat autonomic dysfunction after COVID-19. Toshniwal Paharia, Pooja Toshniwal Paharia. POTS spiked during COVID-19, and patients could wait years to see a Click here to watch the complete segment on ABC 7. Additionally, POTS odds (1.3, n=4,526) were higher than CPC diagnoses odds (1.2, n=33,590) but lower than those for new POTS diagnoses post-COVID-19. No deaths. New-onset POTS can also follow vaccination (Fig. The authors declare no competing interests. However, the odds ratio (1.1) was non-significantly higher, probably due to the low sample size. The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected worldwide health through both acute illness and the long-term effects of infection. Vaccines (Basel). Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) can follow COVID-19 as part of the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but it can also develop after COVID-19 vaccination. A new study shows that the rate of new-onset POTS diagnoses is slightly increased after COVID-19 vaccination, but is five times lower than the rate of POTS diagnoses after SARS-CoV-2 infection. For COVID-19-vaccinated individuals, POTS odds were higher 90days post-vaccination compared to those 90days prior to vaccination. on this website is designed to support, not to replace the relationship Most got sick before the vaccine. However, they found that people diagnosed with COVID-19 are five times more likely to develop POTS after being infected than after getting vaccinated. 71, 235248 (2020). News-Medical.Net provides this medical information service in accordance The study is based on a large series of approximately 300,000 vaccinated individuals from one geographic territory in the USA (Los Angeles County), with 0.27% new post-vaccination POTS diagnoses compared with 0.18% in the pre-vaccination period, giving an odds ratio of 1.52 for post-vaccination POTS diagnoses12. between patient and physician/doctor and the medical advice they may provide. They said I have a UTI and discharged me with an antibiotic. Using a sequence-symmetry analysis in over 280,000 COVID-19 vaccination records, we compared the odds of POTS-related diagnosis after exposure to COVID-19 versus before exposure, and compared these results with those for common primary care diagnoses that are not POTS-related. 2023 Feb 14;329(6):454-456. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.0050. POTs symptoms continued. Alan C. Kwan, Joseph E. Ebinger, Susan Cheng, Jlia Arany, Victor Bazan, Roger Villuendas, Tetsuya Akaishi, Tamotsu Onodera, Tadashi Ishii, Shigeru Shibata, Kazuo Kobayashi, Hiromi Rakugi, Anna Irene Vedel Srensen, Lampros Spiliopoulos, Anders Hviid, Hannah E. Davis, Lisa McCorkell, Eric J. Topol, Benjamin A. Satterfield, Deepak L. Bhatt & Bernard J. Gersh, Mateusz Soliski, Agnieszka Pawlak, Jan J. ebrowski, Nature Cardiovascular Research On the Heels of COVID-19: Influx of Patients with POTS Symptoms First, the accuracy of POTS and POTS-associated diagnoses is crucial for study validity. Connect with thousands of patients and caregivers for support, practical information, and answers. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44161-022-00180-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44161-022-00180-z. No help. eCollection 2023 Jan. I looked and I looked and I failed. I will not get a third booster dose. Researchers suspect that vasomotor denervation causes dilation of the blood vessels, leading to reduced preload to the heart, which triggers an increase in the central sympathetic nervous system response. shows that anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination can increase the incidence of POTS, although at a much lower frequency than the viral infection itself, and indicates the need to study the link between this dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Elvira Forte, Associate Editor, Nature Cardiovascular Research. For POTS-related diagnoses, the post-infection risk was 5.35 (5.055.68) times higher after exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection than after exposure to vaccination. EDS, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; IDA, iron deficiency anemia; UTI, urinary tract infection. Suspected COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine-Induced Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome. Whatever side of the covid/vaccine side you are on people actually died . Sex stratification yielded comparable findings, with marginally and non-significantly greater myocarditis cases among males, probably because of low rates of diagnoses in outpatient settings. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and other - PubMed doi: 10.7759/cureus.31006. I am a 57 year old female who just prior to Covid walked 18 miles per week and swam 4 -8 hours per week. . News-Medical. My GI issues continue. A case of transient POTS following COVID-19 vaccine Acta Neurol Belg. After seeing my PCP and a cardiologist who both dx my with syncope, I went to the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and was diagnosed with POTs on June 16, 2021. Front Neurol. This paper reports prospective evaluation of patients using formal testing to diagnose POTS as part of long-COVID syndrome. For months noone new what was wrong and would roll thier eyes wheb I mention Pfizer. Increasing COVID-19 Vaccination upon Discharge Google Scholar. My daughter and I both have autoimmune conditions: I have lupus. "What is the relation between COVID-19 vaccination and new POTS-related diagnoses?". A coordinator will follow up to see if Mayo Clinic is right for you. POTs symptoms continued and got worse. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome after mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Its less clear how vaccination might be causing POTS, but it could be related to an inflammatory reaction to the spike protein generated by the mRNA or other components of the vaccines, he said. Never got vaccinated. a, Post-vaccination odds by diagnosis in all patients. ABC 7: Syndrome POTS in Rare Cases Can Be Associated With COVID Vaccine Went to an electrophysiologist who confirmed I have POTS and said it is directly related to my GI problems which were definitely a result of the Covid 19 virus. with these terms and conditions. Beta Blockers were discussed but concern it would drop my blood pressure that was normal. ; Consider enrolling hospitals designated by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) as Disproportionate Share Hospitals (DSH) external icon . Eldokla, A. M. & Numan, M. T. Clin Auton. Coll. This case report is clinically relevant to better understand the pathophysio Thank you for visiting nature.com. The investigators found that the risk of developing POTS after vaccination is less than five cases per million doses. 10 Myths Told by COVID Experts and Now Debunked + More Sheldon, R. S. et al. Res. Does anyone with POTS who had either COVID or one of the vaccines care to comment about their experiences? Kokorelis C, Malone L, Byrne K, Morrow A, Rowe PC. Ali I was teaching someone else to use the VAERS reports, and I found the information you were seeking. Interestingly, among 12,460 individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, the pre-infection incidence of POTS was 1.73%, compared with 3.42% after infection. Cardiovascular specialist Alan C. Kwan, MD, is an investigator with the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai. Copyright 2023. We hope that large prospective studies utilizing the new ICD-10 diagnostic code specific for POTS, which has been implemented by the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention committee as of October 1, 2022, can be conducted in the future. Diagnosed with pots earlier this year, this is not some new found side effect, this was reported on back in mid 2021 by those that were vaccine injured and witnesses and statements regarding cases appeared and were reported in front of a congressional panel in Washington. Norovirus, the No. Study shows COVID-19 rates were likely forty-times higher than CDC estimates during BA.4/BA.5 dominant period in the U.S. New cell-based assay shown to rapidly profile drug resistance to three widely used SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibiting drugs, Rebounding of COVID-19 symptoms and viral load are common among untreated COVID-19 patients, 25% of COVID-19 patients have lasting reduction in lung function, I have had COVID twice. Si vous ne souhaitez pas que nos partenaires et nousmmes utilisions des cookies et vos donnes personnelles pour ces motifs supplmentaires, cliquez sur Refuser tout. examined the frequency of new POTS-associated diagnoses POTS, dysautonomia, fatigue, mast cell disorders and EhlersDanlos syndrome before and after COVID-19-vaccination12. Syndrome POTS in rare cases can be associated with COVID vaccine, as and transmitted securely. April 2022 kidney stones removed. Rare Side Effects of COVID Vaccines Myocarditis and the COVID-19 Vaccines. Still, their age was marginally higher (average age of 60 years, 47% were women, and 59% were Whites). I started experiencing upper abdominal pain, gas, bloating, rapid heart rate about 2 weeks later. 1997;20:15611568. Nat. When looking for a potential link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and POTS, Kwan et al examined electronic health records from 12,460 individuals (mean age 47 years; 50% women) with a documented infection. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Kwan, who treats POTS patients in a specialized clinic at Cedars-Sinai, said he hopes his research will help connect POTS patients to a specialist for proper care. ISSN 2731-0590 (online). Concerning POTS-related diagnoses, post-COVID-19 risks were 5.4-fold greater compared to the risks post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44161-022-00177-8 (2022). COVID-19 vaccine injured doctors are finally starting to speak upand doi: 10.1007/s12026-021-09185-5. Data taken from Kwan et al.12 and Shaw et al.6. The likelihood of getting diagnosed with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) increases after both COVID-19 and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although COVID-19 itself poses a greater risk, observational data suggest. A condition called POTS rose after covid, but patients can't find care A life-changing condition called POTS, which can cause fainting, irregular heartbeats and dizziness, particularly among young women, appears to be on the rise as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. He prescribed 20 pills 4 x daily for 5 days. Lorsque vous utilisez nos sites et applications, nous utilisons des, authentifier les utilisateurs, appliquer des mesures de scurit, empcher les spams et les abus; et. & S.C. The study by Kwan et al. He and his colleagues note that standard POTS treatment starting with conservative therapies like salt tablets, hydration, structured exercise programs, and compressive stockings have been used to manage these patients. The range of symptoms reported looked much like the usual ones in VAERS. News-Medical. In this interview, AZoM speaks to Rohan Thakur, the President of Life Science Mass Spectrometry at Bruker, about what the opportunities of the market are and how Bruker is planning on rising to the challenge. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. This paper describes the patient experience of POTS, with 75% of participants reporting misdiagnosis and a median diagnostic delay of 2 years. Potential POTS association with COVID-19 vaccination weaker than with COVID-19 infection. Compilation of the top interviews, articles, and news in the last year. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Join our newsletter! Kwan reports no relevant conflicts of interest. Some researchers believe that coronavirus can be a trigger for POTS, as an increased number of people who recovered from COVID-19 are now experiencing POTS-like symptoms, such as brain fog, tachycardia (increased heart rate) and severe chronic fatigue. In a sequence-symmetry analysis, which used individuals as their own controls and compared risks in the 90 days before exposure with those in a similar interval after exposure, the likelihood of receiving one of these diagnoses was higher after vaccination (OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.25-1.41). Pour en savoir plus sur la faon dont nous utilisons vos donnes personnelles, veuillez consulter notre politique relative la vie prive et notre politique en matire de cookies. A lot of people with chronic fatigue and heart palpitations end up in physiatry clinics because they are debilitated. COVID Long Haulers Illuminate Overlooked Medical Condition In this interview, we speak to Ceri Wiggins, a Director at AstraZeneca, about the many applications of CRISPR and its role in discovering new COPD therapies. 1) and was reported in the literature after immunization with Gardasil, a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, in 2010 and, more recently, after the administration of COVID-19 vaccines6,7,8. Here's what you need to know about the different vaccines and the benefits of getting vaccinated. 79, 23252330 (2022). Following up on this information, we developed the initial question about POTS after COVID-19 vaccination. No other problems since Pfizer vaccine in March if 2021. We cannot guarantee that the information provided will be timely and accurate or that physicians on the list are accepting new patients, or that they accept insurance. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 04 March 2023. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Apparent risks of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome diagnoses after COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-Cov-2 Infection, Inappropriate sinus tachycardia in post-COVID-19 syndrome, Reports of acute adverse events in mRNA COVID-19 vaccine recipients after the first and second doses in Japan, COVID-19 pandemic and hypertension: an updated report from the Japanese Society of Hypertension project team on COVID-19, Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations, Cardiac involvement in the long-term implications of COVID-19, Understanding the role of nACE2 in neurogenic hypertension among COVID-19 patients, Heart rate variability comparison between young males after 46weeks from the end of SARS-CoV-2 infection and controls, Seroconversion dynamic and SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in unvaccinated population during the first and second outbreaks in Mexico, https://doi.org/10.1038/s44161-022-00177-8. 'Given that COVID-19 vaccination elicits an immunological response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein, there is biological plausibility for a similar, even if attenuated, systemic response to vaccine when compared to that seen from viral exposure.'Researchers 'evaluated the relation between COVID-19 vaccination and new POTS-related diagnoses . California to end mask, vaccine mandates for health care workers In a study published in this issue of Nature Cardiovascular Research, Kwan et al. Clin Pediatr (Phila). Through this work, and institutional support for research efforts, we have been able to establish a large number of studies on COVID-19 infection and related therapies. The symptoms of POTS include but are not limited to lightheadedness (occasionally with fainting), difficulty thinking and concentrating (brain fog), fatigue, intolerance of exercise, headache, blurry vision, palpitations, tremor and nausea. 286, 434448 (2019). Overlapping Myocarditis and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome After COVID-19 Messenger RNA Vaccination: A Case Report. Third shot of Moderna is 50mcg. 2023 Cedars-Sinai. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Thus, there exists a biological probability of comparable systemic immune responses to COVID-19 vaccinations in comparison to those induced due to SARS-CoV-2 exposure. But will that be accessible enough? Res. Vaccination efforts against COVID-19 have been instrumental in limiting transmission and preventing severe disease. And in a broader context, its important to raise awareness about POTS itself within cardiology because there are treatments, there are ways to help these patients feel better, Kwan said. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Since April 2021, some people have developed myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and pericarditis (inflammation of the lining outside the heart) after receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna coronavirus vaccines in the United States, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). I suggest that any of us with these issues consider sticking with Pfizer. (2022, December 14). 12, 669010 (2021). Sanada Y, Azuma J, Hirano Y, Hasegawa Y, Yamamoto T. Cureus. To obtain The odds of developing POTS-related diagnoses after vaccination compared with before vaccination was 1.33 (1.251.41), and the odds ratio of post-vaccine POTS-related versus non-POTS-related diagnoses was 1.10 (1.031.17). So sweet of you, thanks Sue, I did the same thing and also found this. Kwan AC, Ebinger JE, Wei J, et al. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and Conditions of Use linked below. Methodol. "In our contemporary practice, we are seeing patients who have previously been infected with COVID-19 present with symptoms consistent with POTS," said Jonathan Hsu, MD, cardiologist at UC San Diego Health. Sue, Hi Ali Long COVID has a wide range of symptoms, most of which overlap with symptoms of chronic fatigue and POTS: Breathlessness; Brain fog Since the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in POTS diagnosis among patients. As we continue to navigate and mitigate the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and long-term post-COVID-19 complications with the help of COVID-19 vaccines, the need to invest in POTS research to advance our understanding, diagnosis and management of POTS a common sequela of both SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination has never been more pressing. POTS, a common disorder of the autonomic nervous system, is characterized by an increase in heart rate of at least 30 beats per minute within 10 minutes of standing and symptoms of orthostatic intolerance, such as pre-syncope, palpitations, light-headedness, generalized weakness, headache and nausea, with symptom duration exceeding three months2. 32, 307311 (2022). She and her partner were COVID-19 vaccine injured. Continued studies is the the only way to get down to the truth and find treatments that work. Interested in more discussions like this? 285, 352366 (2019). Fedorowski, A. et al. To obtain Humoral response to mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine and booster effect of a Hi Ali - I looked and I looked - and I failed. A 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. 2021;69:205211. The 90 day mark post vaccine was a nightmare. Two sequencesymmetry analyses were performed with different retrospective cohorts of individuals who received COVID-19 vaccinations and those with COVID-19 history. 2021;12:624968. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.624968. On the contrary, two POTS-related conditions, fatigue and EDS (Ehler-Danlos syndrome), showed lower odds. Si vous souhaitez personnaliser vos choix, cliquez sur Grer les paramtres de confidentialit. Thank you in advance! GI problems continue. Photo by Cedars-Sinai. Second, the general awareness and diagnostic vigilance of POTS and access to adequate diagnostic modalities are decisive for POTS incidence reliability. To learn more, or to refer a patient, visit the Johns Hopkins Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) program website. News-Medical. For most of the conditions investigated, post-COVID-19 rates were greater than those observed post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. We set out to identify the incidence of new POTS-related diagnoses that occur after COVID-19 vaccination. The conditions with the highest post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination odds of new diagnoses were POTS, dysautonomia, myocarditis, urinary tract infections, and mast cell activation syndrome. Early July I started experiencing dizziness, wooziness when I got up to let the dog out. The virus clearly seems to be affecting the autonomic nervous system, says Chung, and we are seeing it manifest in two scenarios.. Subsequently, they compared the risks of novel POTS diagnosis after COVID-19 vaccination in comparison to novel POTS diagnoses post-SARS-CoV-2 infections. Despite these limitations, the study by Kwan et al.12 is of major importance to POTS research and patient care for several reasons. Prominent symptoms include a rapid increase in the heartbeat of more than 30 beats per minute, or a heart rate that exceeds 120 beats per minute, within 10 minutes of standing. The likelihood of getting diagnosed with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) increases after both COVID-19 and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although COVID-19 itself poses a greater risk, observational data suggest.
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